Conscious experiences in infants remain poorly understood. In this NeuroView, Passos-Ferreira discusses recent evidence for and against consciousness in newborn babies. She argues that the weight of evidence from neuroimaging and behavioral studies supports the thesis that newborn infants are conscious.

The aim of this text is to offer an explanation of Gödel's Theorem according to the schemes and notations of the original article. There are many good didactic explanations of the theorem that reveal its central points and implications, but these are difficult to recognize when reading the original work, due to the complexity of its formulation and the author's economical style in explaining the steps of his argument. An exposition of the central concepts will be made, as well as (...) a detailed explanation of the main points of the algebraic development of the proof, which will allow the non-specialist reader to find the well-known paradox from them. (shrink)

Nuestro interés en el contenido mental no-conceptual es, principalmente, la articulación de una versión sustantiva (no-trivial) de esta clase de contenido en la experiencia perceptual. El debate acerca del contenido no-conceptual ha girado, en su mayor parte, alrededor de su existencia; y los argumentos que se han ofrecido en su favor abogan por una versión no sustantiva según la cual el contenido no-conceptual es aquel que no satisface ciertos requisitos conceptuales. Así, para desarrollar una versión sustantiva del contenido mental no-conceptual (...) hemos apelado a la versión de la experiencia perceptual de propiedades espaciales ofrecida por Evans (1982 cap. 6). A partir de esto desarrollamos un nuevo argumento a favor del contenido no-conceptual de la experiencia perceptual que lo vincula a la actividad característica de la experiencia perceptual. Por último, exponemos uno de los ataques de McDowell (1996) a la noción de contenido no-conceptual y presentamos nuestras réplicas a este ataque, mostrando su insuficiencia. Al mostrar que la crítica de McDowell no es exitosa, consideramos que podríamos tener una versión del contenido no-conceptual de la experiencia que es inmune a esta línea de argumentación. (shrink)

I argue that newborn infants are conscious. I propose a methodology for investigating infant consciousness, and I present two approaches for determining whether newborns are conscious. First, I consider behavioral and neurobiological markers of consciousness. Second, I investigate the major theories of consciousness, including both philosophical and scientific theories, and I discuss what they predict about infant consciousness.

A prevailing view in moral psychology holds that empathy and sympathy play key roles in morality and in prosocial and altruistic actions. Recently, Jesse Prinz (2011a, 2011b) has challenged this view and has argued that empathy does not play a foundational or causal role in morality. He suggests that in fact the presence of empathetic emotions is harmful to morality. Prinz rejects all theories that connect empathy and morality as a constitutional, epistemological, developmental, motivational, or normative necessity. I consider two (...) of Prinz’s theses: the thesis that empathy is not necessary for moral development, and the thesis that empathy should be avoided as a guide for morality. Based on recent research in moral psychology, I argue that empathy plays a crucial role in development of moral agency. I also argue that empathy is desirable as a moral emotion. (shrink)

In the first section, Introduction, we present our experimental design. In the second section, we characterise the grand average occipital and temporal electrical activity correlated with a contrast in access. In the third section, we characterise the grand average occipital and temporal electrical activity correlated with a contrast in phenomenology and conclude characterising the grand average occipital and temporal electrical activity co-occurring with unconsciousness.

Resumo A problemática sobre a “verdade” não tem obtido a devida atenção no meio jurídico. As considerações a respeito do que seja “verdade”, por certo, têm nítido viés filosófico, existindo distintas concepções acerca da “verdade”, embora muitas não são capazes de servir ao direito processual civil. Habermas concebe a “verdade” sobre um fato como um conceito dialético, construída a partir das argumentações desenvolvidas pelos sujeitos cognoscentes, ou seja, buscada na cooperação direcionada para o entendimento mútuo racional. Identificam-se pontos de contato (...) existentes entre a teoria habermasiana e os enunciados até agora elaborados no projeto do novo Código de Processo Civil brasileiro. A “verdade” no moderno processo civil deve ser buscada em um procedimento baseado na probabilidade das provas e das teses apresentadas, na intensa argumentação dialética e em colaboração entre os sujeitos processuais, e no respeito às normas e aos princípios válidos para o caso em julgamento. Palavras-chave : argumentação, cooperação, Habermas, novo Código de Processo Civil brasileiro, procedimento, verdadeThe problem about “truth” has not gained enough attention in the legal field. All the considerations about “truth” have a clearly philosophical points of view, and distinct conceptions concerning it, although many are not capable of serving in the civil procedure. Jürgen Habermas conceives the “truth” as a dialectical concept, constructed from the arguments developed by cognizant agents, i.e., those seeking cooperation aimed at rational mutual understanding. The article identifies points of contact between habermasian theory and legal rules developed up to now in the project of the new Brazilian Civil Code of Procedure. The “truth” in the modern civil process must be sought in a procedure based on the probability of the evidence and theses in intense dialectical argumentation and collaboration between all parties involved with the respect for the rules and principles considered valid for the case at hand. Keywords : argumentation, cooperation, Habermas, new Brazilian Civil Procedure Code, procedure, truth. (shrink)

Given the hard problem of consciousness, there are no brain electrophysiological correlates of the subjective experience (the felt quality of redness or the redness of red, the experience of dark and light, the quality of depth in a visual field, the sound of a clarinet, the smell of mothball, bodily sensations from pains to orgasms, mental images that are conjured up internally, the felt quality of emotion, the experience of a stream of conscious thought, or the phenomenology of thought). However, (...) there are occipital and left temporal brain electrophysiological correlates of the subjective experience. Notwithstanding, as an evoked signal, the change in event-related brain potential phase (frequency is the change in phase over time) is instantaneous, that is, the frequency will transiently be infinite: a transient peak in frequency (positive or negative), if any, is instantaneous in electroencephalogram averaging or filtering that the event-related brain potentials required and the underlying structure of the event-related brain potentials in the frequency domain cannot be accounted for, for example, by the Wavelet Transform or the Fast Fourier Transform analysis, because they require that frequency be derived by convolution rather than by differentiation. However, as I show, one suitable method for analysing the instantaneous change in event-related brain potential phase and accounting for a transient peak in frequency (positive or negative), if any, in the underlying structure of the event-related brain potentials is the Empirical Mode Decomposition with post-processing Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition. (shrink)

Contemporary Information Systems management incorporates the need to make explicit the links between semiotics, meaning-making and the digital age. This focus addresses, at its core, pure rationality, that is, the capacity of human interpretation and of human inscription upon reality. Creating the new real, that is the motto. Humans are intrinsically semiotic creatures. Consequently, semiotics is not a choice or an option but something that works like a second skin, establishing limits and permeable linkages between: human thought and human's infinite (...) world of imagination; and human action, with its correspondent infinite world of intentionality, of desire and of unexplored possibilities. Two instances are contrasted as two reading lenses of current business reality: IS governance and industry 4.0. These phenomena correspond to the need to take accountability, transparency and responsibility into account, when designing IS and when using such systems through the ecology of connectivity, Big Data and the Internet of Things. Political, social and cultural dimensions are brought into the equation, when addressing the question of the relevance and adequateness of IS theory and practice to respond to contemporary challenges. The message is that what has already been achieved is but a shadow, a pale vision, of what might be achieved in the age of the new Renaissance. (shrink)

This text will discuss the concept of information and its relevance in the study of the nature of the mind. It will analyze a hypothesis that deals with the equivalence between information and causality, which results in information having a double ontological character: “intrinsic” and “extrinsic.” A discussion will follow on Integrated Information Theory, which is developed from a variation of this thesis. It will be proposed that this theory does not reach the objective of being an “intrinsic” information theory, (...) precisely because it is an adaptation of classical information theory. For this reason, it neither allows nor avoids the paradoxes of the subject–object distinction, nor shows how the causal evolution of an integrated system can be treated in informational terms; that is, it cannot unite causality and information. (shrink)

I'll show that the kind of analogy between life and information [argued for by authors such as Davies (2000), Walker and Davies (2013), Dyson (1979), Gleick (2011), Kurzweil (2012), Ward (2009)] – that seems to be central to the effect that artificial mind may represent an expected advance in the life evolution in the Universe – is like the design argument, and that if the design argument is unfounded and invalid, the argument to the effect that artificial mind may represent (...) an expected advance in the life evolution in the Universe is also unfounded and invalid. However, if we are prepared to admit (though we should not do so) this method of reasoning as valid, I'll show that the analogy between life and information to the effect that artificial mind may represent an expected advance in the evolution of life in the Universe seems to suggest some type of reductionism of life to information, but biology respectively chemistry, or physics are not reductionist, contrary to what seems to be suggested by the analogy between life and information. (shrink)

Título: Como os deuses chegaram até nós: por outras historiografias, sociologias, filosofias e antropologias Tema: Magia, Rituais, Mitos, Religião e Capitalismo: consonâncias, dissonâncias e relações com a Morte, um Ensaio. \ . \ -/- Protágoras de Abdera, nos diz que: “O homem é a medida de todas as coisas, das coisas que são, enquanto são, das coisas que não são, enquanto não são.” A isso Protágoras se referia sobre o homem como centro das coisas que vê, sente, percebe, reflete e (...) produz. Além de conter o relativismo, também contém o antropocentrismo. Ou seja, podemos dizer que o fogo queima, isso não é relativo, assim como a água molha e sacia a sede, bem como se não nos alimentarmos morreremos. Tais fatos não são relativos. Mas quando dizemos sobre sensações místicas, mágicas, percepções, noções e concepções ‘espirituais,’ ‘religiosas’ e com ‘deuses ou divindades,’ elas não são fatos absolutos em si, mas evidências relativas, pois cada pessoa vê, sente, percebe e reproduz sensações místicas de forma bem particular, pessoal e específica. Isso também em relação as manifestações religiosas e seus deuses. Já que são produtos culturais, sociais e de subjetividades. \ . -/- O trabalho em tela é um esforço de expor e contextualizar, as possíveis expressões das primeiras formas, modos e tipos de manifestações místicas, ritualísticas, mágicas, sacrificiais, de crenças e míticas nos processos sociais, culturais, econômicos, políticos e históricos das sociedades. Verificando assim, os primeiros fundamentos, processos e construções biopsicossociais, bem como suas produções e reproduções místicas e de crenças. Isso sendo verificado através e por meio dos povos considerados primitivos, antigos e arcaicos. Dessa forma, iremos realizar uma tentativa de reconstrução cronológica da formação e manifestação das primeiras práticas místicas, mágicas, ritualísticas e sacrificiais ao longo da história, e que vão culminar na formação das ‘religiões.’ Uma vez que, é justamente através e por meio das relações entre os povos, sociedades, culturas, civilizações e seus antropofagismos culturais, místicos, míticos, ritualísticos e de crenças, que se produzem outras manifestações e possíveis ‘religiões.’ Com isso, são nas relações e interações sociais entre as mesmas, integrando certos elementos, conteúdos, crenças etc., umas das outras, que as manifestações tidas como religiosas foram surgindo e se disseminando por inúmeros lugares. Logo, tais processos e manifestações não permaneceram estáticos, mas foram mudando e se transformando ao longo da história até a atualidade. E assim, a Magia, os Rituais, Mitos, sacrifícios e relações com a morte também foram se transformando e sendo ressignificados. Produzindo nos processos, diferenciações e transformações, certas dissonâncias, mas também mantendo certas consonâncias ou semelhanças. Entretanto, após a criação das religiões e suas relações com o Estado, sobretudo com o sistema capitalista, tais dissonâncias são bem mais evidentes. Também podemos dizer que o trabalho em tela, talvez seja uma exposição sumária dos desdobramentos dos processos ‘evolutivos,’ de desenvolvimentos, progressos e multiprodutos das inúmeras manifestações místicas, religiosas, culturais e de seus ‘deuses.’ ‘Evolutivos, progressos e desenvolvimentos aqui, diz apenas nos sentidos e aspectos das criações, produções, reelaborações e organizações criativas dos povos, sociedades e ou civilizações, suas culturas, misticismos e crenças. Sobretudo de suas divindades, magias, rituais e deuses. Porém, não havendo superiores ou inferiores entre nenhuma. Esta produção está sob óticas, análises e reflexões das áreas, campos e disciplinas da filosofia da história, filosofia das religiões, sociologia, psicologia e história das religiões, da antropologia cultural social e das religiões, da ciência das religiões, literatura e dentre outras. -/- . (shrink)

O imperativo categórico é o princípio supremo de moralidade. Em um sentido essa afirmação pode ser considerada verdadeira, já que a teoria possui grande poder em explicar os critérios da intuição moral comum. Por outro lado, o sistema deixa muitos casos e situações sem um guiamento claro, e em outros ainda trava em paradoxos e soluções inaceitáveis, se seguirmos estritamente as recomendações de seu formulador. Será nesse estudo apresentado um sistema de aplicação do imperativo categórico que permite dar um tratamento (...) a esses casos. Considerando os dois testes principais do imperativo (da universalização, e da humanidade como fim), será proposto o seguinte critério: a imoralidade típica é identificada pela falha simultânea nos testes; os casos moralmente conflituosos tem como característica a falha em uma formulação exclusivamente à outra. (shrink)

O sistema moral kantiano possui grande poder explicativo ao descrever os parâmetros intelectuais formadores da lógica da ação moral. A teoria possui, contudo, limitações e contradições internas, às quais Kant não deu um encaminhamento satisfatório. O presente estudo apresentará um modelo no qual as formulações do imperativo (o teste da generalização, e o da humanidade como fim) são tratados como critérios separados e independentes. Temos, assim, aquelas situações em que estes critérios são requisitos simultâneos da ação, em que o moral (...) e o imoral podem ser claramente discernidos. Temos, por outro lado, (como será proposto) aquelas situações em que cada formulação tem validade de forma exclusiva em relação a outra, o respeito a uma das formulações é acompanhado da transgressão de sua complementar. Com essa modificação podemos dar um tratamento a consequências paradoxais e contradições da teoria original, ampliando o escopo das questões tratadas, considerando tanto o erro evidente quanto aqueles atos que se situam em áreas nebulosas. É possível assim, de forma consistente com os termos da teoria, ir além da caracterização simples do “certo” e “errado” para as categorias do incerto mas justificável. (shrink)

Henri Bergson developed an extensive analysis of duration, which consists of the subjective perception of changing situations in a fluid and continuous perspective, distinct from the notion of chronological time. From this starting point, he defined consciousness by this criterion of temporal continuity, as accumulated memory. Jean Schneider presented a formalization of the self-referential characteristic of duration. In this paper, a parallel will be drawn between these models and the theory of self-reference from causal superposition. Some extensions of this theory (...) will be presented, especially an approach to the problem of experience, and a generalization of referential properties to other types of information perspectives. -/- . (shrink)

The theoretical use of representation faces, among others, two types of inconsistencies, namely: a representation requires the figure of the agent to which it will be representative, which leads either to circularity or to infinite return; and the resulting one, which is the difficulty in reconciling a description, in representative terms, with other more fundamental scientific categories. The proposal of the present study for the solution of these problems was the identification of a referential process starting from the correlation between (...) states of a physical system. It will present an inference about how the superposition of causal history moments of a system can result in a self-referential structure. (shrink)

The purpose of this text is to present a summary of the theory of self-reference as a result of the superposition of the causal history of a system. Self-reference is discussed here as an effect of the association between memory and causality. When considering the eventual situation of a physical system, different previous alternatives can take it to the same state. The means that constituted it are not intrinsic to it, there are no elements in it to retroact to its (...) previous state. In a system of causal superposition, however, the state contains the history of the states that constituted it. (shrink)

The epistemic position of an agent often depends on their position in a larger network of other agents who provide them with information. In general, agents are better off if they have diverse and independent sources. Sullivan et al. [19] developed a method for quantitatively characterizing the epistemic position of individuals in a network that takes into account both diversity and independence; and presented a proof-of-concept, closed-source implementation on a small graph derived from Twitter data [19]. This paper reports on (...) an open-source reimplementation of their algorithm in Python, optimized to be usable on much larger networks. In addition to the algorithm and package, we also show the ability to scale up our package to large synthetic social network graph profiling, and finally demonstrate its utility in analyzing real-world empirical evidence of ‘echo chambers’ on online social media, as well as evidence of interdisciplinary diversity in an academic communications network. (shrink)

Freud held complex and fascinating views on the question of mental causation. In this chapter, I propose an interpretation of Freud's views on this question, bringing together ideas from psychoanalysis, philosophy of psychoanalysis, and philosophy of mind. Faced with the impasse of the problem of how the mind interacts with the body, Freud created a two-dimensional picture of mental causation, with one dimension involving mechanistic causes and the other involving intentional causes. My thesis is that Freud's best-developed picture of mental (...) causation thesis describes mental causes as intentional causes using psychological vocabulary. I analyze three moments in Freud's work with a focus on mental causation. In the first topography, Freud uses a hybrid vocabulary, describing the mind in terms of both mechanistic causes and intentional causes. In his second topography, the mind increasingly assumes an intentional description. The third moment is Freud’s theory of anxiety, in which the arational cause of the unconscious drives, initially presented as a motor of the mind, gives rise to anxiety as an affective state that forces the self to find a solution for its mental conflicts. In the last part, I argue that Freud’s theory gradually moves from a reductionist approach to the mind-body problem on which mental causation is understood in terms of physical mechanisms, to a non-reductionist view where the mental becomes causally efficacious in its own right. (shrink)

The principal aim of the thesis is to develop a developmental account of conscious experience. In this account, the objective is to understand and explain the phenomenal experience of newborns and pre-linguistic infants. The question that guides the investigation concerns the phenomenality of babies' experiences: what is it like to be a baby? There are some crucial philosophical issues that any account of the nature of infant consciousness must face: the ontology of early conscious states; the epistemic status of infants' (...) experiences; the content of infants' experiences. The thesis addresses how we evolve as conscious beings from early states of life until we become full self-conscious beings who are morally responsible for our actions. The thesis involves four chapters. The first chapter explores phenomenal consciousness in newborns, first addressing the epistemological and methodological problems, and then arguing that newborns are phenomenally conscious and have a variety of phenomenal experiences. The second chapter addresses representation in newborns, claiming that their conscious experiences represent the world and discussing the consequences for representationalism. The third chapter focuses on the sense of agency, arguing that infants have a sense of agency and a sort of self-consciousness. The fourth chapter discusses moral agency, focusing mainly on the role of empathy. (shrink)

Our goal is to investigate the notion of self-agency in William James and Donald Winnicott. With James, we examine the descriptive element of what constitutes a self. With Winnicott, we explore his explanatory theory on self-emergence. Winnicott's perspective is presented here as the prehistory of the Jamesian self. James's conception of self is similar to the Winnicottian notion of an "integrated self", an embodied position that emerges from the organism's actions in the experiential field. The combination of the two approaches (...) leads to the idea that the self is a flux of identities emerging in interaction with others in the "transitional space" (an intermediate area of experience). (shrink)

Social animals need to share space and resources, whether sexual partners, parents, or food. Sharing is indeed at the core of social life. Humans, however, of all social animals, have distinct ways of sharing. They evolved to become Homo Negotiatus; a species that is prone to bargain and to dispute the value of things until some agreement is reached.

A cidade nas práticas artísticas [The city in artistic practices] is the result of the work developed, of the presentations and the debates held within the cycle of seminars “The experience of the city between art and philosophy”, held between 3 March 2020 and 16 June 2021 (calendar dramatically compromised by the challenges of the COVID 19 pandemic), one of the main activities of the OBRA project — Fragmentation and Reconfiguration: experiencing the city between art and philosophy, based at IFILNOVA (...) — Philosophy Institute of NOVA, in Lisbon. The book is divided into five parts, relating to each of the artistic disciplines to which the seminars were dedicated – cinema, photography, sound arts, literature and architecture —, which are edited by the organizers responsible for each of them — respectively, Susana Viegas, Humberto Brito, Nuno Fonseca João Oliveira Duarte and Susana Ventura — and composed of the respective narrated accounts of each seminar and of short essays, some merely textual, others graphical or even photographic, which are either in-depth versions of the reflections and positions that were presented and debated by the participants and guests, or works that motivated and inspired the work of the seminars. The seminar cycle and the book now presented here intend to reflect on the role of artistic practices in the representation and reconfiguration of urban experience, trying to understand their different attempts to apprehend and express the fragmentation of aesthetic experience in modern and contemporary cities, as well as to evaluate their contribution to an eventual symbolic and imaginative reconfiguration of that experience. Each section tries, in its own way, to answer questions such as: How do these arts think and reinvent the city? What do they make us feel? And what is their social and political role? For reasons that are easy to understand, Lisbon was the starting point, but other cities were also part of the journey. (shrink)

Conto: Sabiá, Percevejo, Bacalhau, Ratão e Esculápia: Histórias, Memórias, Filosofias e Psicanálises.....\.....|.|... || Alberto Raimundo Francisco de Souza e outros...\|......|| || ‘As portas da escuridão vão serem abertas.’ || A vida, a Existência e o Viver são repletos de mistérios. Pessoas se encontram e se desencontram durante a jornada da vida, e em seus caminhos e trajetórias. Sorrimos e choramos. Mas tudo faz parte do movimento e do fluir da Vida. Sabiá, Percevejo, Bacalhau e Ratão estavam a busca de algo (...) perdido, talvez já encontrado e ainda não compreendido. Ambos com seus dilemas, conflitos, complexos e crises, isso diante, com e nas relações sociais tão problemáticas e suas contradições. Entretanto, durante o encontro desses quatro sujeitos com uma estranha criatura, a Esculápia ou Asclépia, tanto faz, esse é o nome dela, os quatro desconhecidos que estão a travar uma longa discussão, sobre muitos assuntos polêmicos da vida, bem como de si mesmos, irão fazer movimentos catárticos e de descobertas, e que os impactará para sempre. || ‘Certamente, em algum dia, alguma vez e em algum momento, você também já se perguntou: o que eu tenho que fazer aqui? Qual é o meu propósito aqui? O que eu vim fazer nesse mundo? E as vezes não existe nenhuma resposta que queiras realmente ouvir, pois há de ser que, talvez, nenhuma seja a certa ou conclusiva.’ || ‘Se ver através e por meio do outro, ou dos outros, são uma das qualidades mais raras que existem na espécie humana, porém, talvez poucos ainda a descobriram, e talvez menos ainda, a exerçam no seu cotidiano.’ || ‘A vida e o viver, contém e estão repletos, talvez cheios de seus mistérios, mistérios revelados e outros ocultos, esperando apenas a serem descobertos, e tão logo, revelados a você.’. (shrink)

Abstract: The work at hand is an effort to expose and contextualize, the possible expressions of the first forms, modes and types of mystical, ritualistic, magical, sacrificial, belief and mythical manifestations in the social, cultural, economic, political and historical processes of societies. Thus verifying the first foundations, processes and biopsychosocial constructions, as well as their mystical and belief productions and reproductions. This is verified through and by peoples considered primitive, ancient and archaic. In this way, we will attempt a chronological (...) reconstruction of the formation and manifestation of the first mystical, magical, ritualistic and sacrificial practices throughout history, culminating in the formation of 'religions. Since it is precisely through the relationships between peoples, societies, cultures, civilizations and their cultural, mystical, mythical, ritualistic and belief anthropophagisms that other manifestations and possible 'religions' are produced. Thus, it is in the relationships and social interactions between them, integrating certain elements, contents, beliefs, etc. from each other, that the manifestations considered religious have emerged and spread to countless places. Therefore, these processes and manifestations have not remained static, but have changed and transformed throughout history up to the present day. And so Magic, Rituals, Myths, sacrifices and relationships with death have also been transformed and given new meanings. In the process, differentiations and transformations have produced certain dissonances, but also certain consonances or similarities. However, after the creation of religions and their relationship with the state, especially with the capitalist system, these dissonances are much more evident. We can also say that this work is perhaps a summary exposition of the unfolding of the 'evolutionary' processes of development, progress and multiproducts of the countless mystical, religious and cultural manifestations and their 'gods.' 'Evolutionary, progress and development' here refers only to the meanings and aspects of the creations, productions, re-elaborations and creative organizations of peoples, societies and/or civilizations, their cultures, mysticisms and beliefs. Above all, their deities, magic, rituals and gods. However, none are superior or lower. ||| Keywords: Mysticisms; Primitive; Rituals; Sacrifices; Historiography; Beliefs; Religions; Modernity; Capitalism; Death; Philosophy of History; Philosophy of Religion; Cultural Philosophy; Anthropology of Religions. (shrink)

The article addresses the treatment given to the notion of subject in Slavoj Žižek and Robert Kurz. Without aiming at a synthesis between the two radically opposed positions, they are played against one another in order to reveal the unidimensional stances and false steps in the field of the constitution of the struggle for a concrete negation of capitalist society.

O presente trabalho procura se debruçar sobre a dimensão ontológica do homem animal-político-social em Aristóteles. Logo, desde já nos cabe ressaltar que a verificação do homem enquanto animal político-social abarcará um caráter metafísico para a efetivação no e do físico-material-natural, ou seja, o ser biopsicossocial. Refletindo, construindo e interligando o ser físico e “espiritual”. Portanto, o objeto principal será o que diz respeito ao homem como um animal político-social, no sentido ontológico do ser sensível em Aristóteles. Para tanto, a proposta (...) abarcará a Teoria das Quatro Causas de Aristóteles. Isso para demonstrar certa ontologia de uma suposta essência da ou na substancia no e do ser humano. Ou seja, quem é o “homem-ser-ente” coberto por sua estrutura física e sensível no sentido ontológico no corporal? São os seres humanos animais essencialmente políticos? E se forem são seres políticos do e ou no “espiritual”, “almático” e metafísico ou no físico-corporal? (shrink)

The paper proposes a novel understanding of how Aristotle’s theoretical works complement each other in such a way as to form a genuine system, and this with the immediate (and ostensibly central) aim of addressing a longstanding question regarding Aristotle’s ‘first philosophy’—namely, is Aristotle’s first philosophy a contribution to theology, or to the science of being in general? Aristotle himself seems to suggest that it is in some ways both, but how this can be is a very difficult question. My (...) answer is in some respects a version of one that goes back at least to the middle ages—i.e., that first philosophy is concerned with the gods (and to that extent offers a theology) because the gods are causes and principles of beings precisely insofar as they are beings. The more original aspect of my position lies in my claim that the sort of tension found in the Metaphysics is likewise to be found in many of Aristotle’s physical works. Thus, for example, the De caelo is (I argue) concerned generally with natural beings (= beings susceptible of change), but its discussions are focused largely on the heavenly bodies and the Aristotelian elements insofar as they admit of change with respect to place. Here I claim that the particular objects of discussion are dealt with precisely because they are causes and principles of natural beings as such. Something similar goes, I claim, for the De generatione et corruptione, the general concern of which is a particular species of natural being—i.e., natural beings susceptible of generation and corruption. In this way, I argue, Aristotle successively deals in his theoretical works with those causes and principles of (say) a horse which attach to it insofar as it is a being, those causes and principles of a horse which attach to it insofar as it is a natural being, those causes and principles of a horse which attach to it insofar as it is a perishable natural being, and so on for the lower genera under which the species horse is subsumed. (shrink)

O presente artigo busca caracterizar a querela interna do Movimento Jovem-Hegeliano através da descrição e caracterização do conceito de massa/massificação dentro do pensamento de seus membros primeiros, a saber: Ludwig Feuerbach, David Strauss e Bruno Bauer.

RESUMO A alimentação é o fator que mais onera um sistema de produção animal. Assim, a utilização de diferentes estratégias de alimentação dos animais ainda é o grande desafio da nutrição animal, principalmente, levando em consideração as exigências nutricionais de diferentes categorias de ruminantes, em especial bovinos em regiões tropicais, haja vista que a sazonalidade na produção de forragens afeta diretamente a produção bovina, promovendo inadequação no atendimento das exigências nutricionais dos animais principalmente em minerais e vitaminas. Uma alimentação que (...) não atenda as exigências nutricionais dos ruminantes gera prejuízos no sistema de produção, além de, em casos mais graves, ocasionar a perda do animal. Estudos que abordam o efeito e a importância de vitaminas e minerais na nutrição bovina são escassos e necessários. Recentemente a National Research Council (NRC) apresentou novos registros das exigências nutricionais das vitaminas e minerais. Essas alterações proporcionam um impacto econômico significativo em relação à nutrição animal. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se com esta revisão trazer informações acerca de vitaminas e minerais na nutrição de bovinos em pastejo. -/- Palavras-chave: Alimentação animal; forragem; pastagem; requerimentos nutricionais; ruminantes; vitaminas lipossolúveis (Source: AGROVOC). -/- ABSTRACT Animal feed is the factor that most burdens a production system. Thus, the use of different animal feeding strategies is still the great challenge of animal nutrition, taking into account the nutritional requirements of different categories of ruminants, especially cattle in tropical regions, given that seasonality in forage production directly affects cattle production, promoting inadequacy in meeting the nutritional requirements of animals, mainly in minerals and vitamins. A diet that does not meet the nutritional requirements of ruminants generates losses in the production system, in addition to, in more serious cases, causing the loss of the animal. Studies that address the effect and importance of vitamins and minerals in bovine nutrition are scarce and necessary. Recently the National Research Council (NRC) presented new records of the nutritional requirements of vitamins and minerals. These changes provide a significant economic impact on animal nutrition. In this sense, the objective of this review was to bring information about vitamins and minerals in the nutrition of grazing cattle. -/- Keywords: Animal feeding; fat soluble vitamins; forage; nutritional requirements; pasture feeding; ruminants (Source: AGROVOC). -/- REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS -/- 1. Cavalcanti CPL, Silva e Macedo TJ, Gois GC, Menezes VG, Monte APO, Silva AD, Silva DJM, Silva EO, Araújo GGL, Rodrigues RTS, Wischral A, Matos MHT, Queiroz MAA. 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The course delivered by Heidegger during the Summer semester of 1923, and published later under the title of Ontology – The hermeneutics of facticity, is one of the most important loci in which we can have a glimpse of Kierkegaard’s influence on and importance to Heidegger, as well as of some of his interpretations about the thought of the Dane philosopher. One of them, notwithstanding puts forward a very interesting assessment of the relation between Kierkegaard and Hegel – through F. (...) A. Trendelenburg –, one of hottest topics in the Kierkegaardian scholarship, is not usually analyzed by that scholarship. Hence, this paper aims to show and analyze Heidegger’s theses on the relation between Kierkegaard-Hegel in that work in order to evaluate their correctness. As final remarks, this paper presents some metaphilosophical reflections on the very notions of relation and dependence between philosophers. (shrink)

O percurso construído pelo pensamento de Albert Camus (1913-1960) perfaz uma unidade profunda entre Ética e Estética. Par- tindo de uma preocupação explicitamente ética, o autor acaba por ter de desenvolver uma antropologia filosófica, ou seja, um discurso sobre o homem que tem como núcleo um conceito que o reenvia àquilo que podemos chamar de dimensão estética para então, a partir daí, oferecer uma resposta àquele problema ético. Desse modo, pretendemos neste trabalho explicitar o caminho ao qual aludimos em três (...) momentos: (a) a existência humana como problema ético; (b) o discurso camusiano sobre o homem que tem como núcleo a noção de Passion e, por fim, (c) a elaboração de um novo éthos, partindo da noção de Paixão, como res- posta necessária ao problema existencial configurada como uma re-cri- ação ou correção permanente, à semelhança do ofício do Artista. (shrink)

Bealer’s argument against Kripke is presented. We then show how Kripke could counteract it. Our idea that the identity materialist may have the possibility of explaining why type psychophysical identities only appear to be contingent (but are necessary), because we confuse the exemplified properties (one property) with the concepts that subsume them (two distinct concepts), is supported by McGinn’s and Nagel’s materialistic intuitions. It remains to be seen whether a critique of Kripke like that of Bealer runs counter to the (...) exemplified properties and the concepts that subsume them. We argue that Bealer’s criticism of Kripke does not contradict it. McGinn’s and Nagel’s intuitions support our idea. What we want to show is that, even if, from the anti-materialist side of the debate about the mind–body identity thesis, Bealer and Kripke agree on the general anti-materialist strategy but not on the strategies of phenomenological explanation (which for Bealer, Kripke neglects) and descriptivist explanation (which for Bealer is wrong), the disagreement between Bealer and Kripke still leaves open the materialist explanation of one property and two concepts. If there is an explanation for the illusion of contingency, it is quite possible that these type psychophysical identities are indeed necessary. (shrink)

This paper discusses the first incarnation of what came to be known as the “Frege-Geach” point. The point was made by Peter Geach in his 1960 essay “Ascriptivism”, and developed in “Assertion”, a 1965 piece. Geach’s articles launch a wholesale attack on theories of non-descriptive performances advanced by “some Oxford philosophers” whom he accuses of ignoring “the distinction between calling a thing ‘P’ and predicating ‘P’ of a thing”. One view that Geach specifically targets is H. L. A. Hart’s claim (...) that sentences of the form “X φ-ed” are not primarily descriptive but ascriptive of responsibility for actions. Hart explicitly accepted Geach’s criticism, and disowned his essay. I argue that he was wrong to do so. Perhaps the essay was worth retracting, but not because of Geach’s objections. I begin by restating and refining Geach’s arguments, in order to bring out the flaw he claimed to have detected in the “pattern of philosophising” that he took Hart’s essay to exemplify. I go on to argue that Geach’s original point poses no obstacle either to non-descriptivism in general, or to Hart’s sui generis non-descriptivist claim in particular. (shrink)

In this paper, I aim to offer a clear explanation of what monadic domination, understood as a relation obtaining exclusively among monads, amounts to in the philosophy of Leibniz (and this insofar as monadic domination is conceived by Leibniz not to account for the substantial unity of composite substances). Central to my account is the Aristotelian notion of a hierarchy of activities, as well as a particular understanding of the relations that obtain among the perceptions of monads that stand in (...) relations of monadic domination and subordination. (shrink)

Ophiocordyceps is a fungal pathogen of ants of the tribe Camponotini. It is called zombie fungus, since it changes the host behavior, causing them to die in an exposed position, typically clinging onto and biting into the adaxial surface of shrub leaves. This study aimed to describe the occurrence of parasitic associations between Ophiocordyceps and ants of the genus Camponotus in an urban fragment of Atlantic Rainforest in southeastern Brazil and to measure the rate of hyperparasitism in Ophiocordyceps by other (...) fungi in the same location. We found 57 individuals of four species of ants and three species of fungus. The age categories of fungi were equally distributed, and rate of hyperparasitism was 17.5% (n = 10). The sampled area was recognized as an important site of Ophiocordyceps occurrence. (shrink)

According to Margaret Wilson, Leibniz is inconsistent when it comes to the question of whether one can have distinct ideas of sensible qualities, and this because he sometimes conceives of sensible qualities as sensations and sometimes conceives of them as complexes of primary qualities. When he conceives of them as sensations, he denies that we can have distinct ideas of sensible qualities; when he conceives of them as complexes of primary qualities, he asserts that we can. In this paper I (...) argue that Wilson is wrong to think that Leibnizian ideas admit of various degrees of confusion or distinctness. I also argue that although Wilson's problem admits of being reformulated in a manner consistent with a correct understanding of Leibnizian perceptions and ideas, this reformulated version of the problem admits to a satisfactory interpretive solution. (shrink)

This paper explores the enduring impact of Cartesian dualism on the formulation of autism diagnosis and its subsequent implications for our contemporary understanding of the condition. It presents a concise historical overview tracing the evolution of autism diagnosis through the lenses of two traditional reductionist paradigms: a psychological framework (emphasizing it as a mental disorder) and a biological framework (viewing it as a neurological dysfunction). However, the paper argues for a revised perspective that transcends the limitations inherent in both conventional (...) viewpoints and challenges the Cartesian dichotomy between the physical and the mental realms. Instead, it proposes an instrumentalist conception of mental phenomena. This conceptual shift is motivated by the ethical imperative of affording autistic individuals a more dignified and inclusive standing within society, one that acknowledges their moral value. (shrink)

On 25 May 2020, Officer Derek Chauvin asphyxiated George Floyd in Minneapolis — a murder that was captured in a confronting nine-minute bystander video that set off a firestorm of activity on online social networks, in the streets of the United States, and even worldwide. These protests captured the collective rage, dissatisfaction, and resentment personally and vicariously experienced towards the widespread systematic injustice and mistreatment of African Americans by police and vigilantes. The scale of these protests, both online and in (...) the streets, has been estimated to have far exceeded the civil rights marches of the 1960s (Buchanan et al. 2020). Considering the widespread extent of these protests, our research aims to analyse conflictual intergroup moral dynamics in terms of the reactive attitudes expressed by distinct online communities on Twitter. This paper examines the extent to which the Strawsonian (1962) reactive attitudes framework is applicable to the Twitter discourse around the Black Lives Matter protests reignited by the murder of George Floyd. In particular, we argue that the Strawsonian framework is inadequate to understand a range of prevalent attitudes expressed in this discourse — attitudes that we call reactionary as opposed to merely reactive. Reactionary attitudes include counter-indignation on behalf of the accused rather than Strawsonian indignation on behalf of the victim of a moral wrong. We document the expression of such attitudes among the right-wing participants in the online discourse about the Black Lives Matter movement. (shrink)

I argue that the prime matter that Leibniz posits in every created monad is understood by him to be a mere defect or negation, and not something real and positive. Further, I argue that Leibniz’s talk of prime matter in every created monad is inspired by the thirteenth-century doctrine of spiritual matter, but that such talk is simply one way in which Leibniz frames a point that he frequently makes elsewhere—namely, that each creaturely essence incorporates a limitation that is the (...) ultimate source of an original imperfection that affects the creature from the first moment of its existence. (shrink)

As the use of algorithmic decision‐making becomes more commonplace, so too does the worry that these algorithms are often inscrutable and our use of them is a threat to our agency. Since we do not understand why an inscrutable process recommends one option over another, we lose our ability to judge whether the guidance is appropriate and are vulnerable to being led astray. In response, I claim that a process being inscrutable does not automatically make its guidance inappropriate. This phenomenon (...) is not restricted to algorithms, and there are many social processes which we should conform to but are similarly unable to judge for ourselves. I provide a framework for how we can depend on inscrutable processes by introducing a distinction between knowing conformity (where I understand what justifies the guidance) from mere conformity (where I merely do what I am told) and showing how mere conformity is often positively valuable because it allows for extended processes that in turn allow us to accomplish more than we could on our own. This is in effect a division of deliberative labour, which I argue is something commonplace but not often recognised, of which algorithmic guidance can be an example. (shrink)